Approaches to Management and Organizational Behaviour

205KM Management and Organizational Behaviour Report 1 Title: Approaches to Management and Organizational Behaviour: Pizza Hut and McDonald’s (Fill in the Name of Company A) (Fill in the Name of Company B) Student Name: HSU Ka Syn Syrus Student ID: 51878875 Tutorial Group: 2 Table of Contents Page Num 1. Objectives| 9| 2. Business Background| 9| 3. Organization Structure and Design3. 1 Organization Structure of Company A3. 2 Organization Structure of Company B3. 3 Compare the Similarities and Differences of Organization Structure between Company A & B| 10101214| 4.Approaches to Management & Organizational Behaviour| 15| 4. 1 Motivation| 15| 4. 2 Leadership| 16| 4. 3 Human Resource Management| 18| 4. 4 Culture & Diversity| 20| 4. 5 Information Technology| 22| 4. 6 Communication| 22| 5. Conclusion| 23| 6. References| 24| 1. Objective The purpose of this report is to find out the differences in the organization structures and approaches in management and organizational behaviour of two local restaurants, Pizza Hut Hong Kong and McDonalds Hong Kong.Besides, the report is to find out the information of the restaurants through identifying and analyzing the following: motivation, leadership, human resource management, culture and diversity, information technology, communication. 2. Business Background Business background of Pizza Hut: Pizza Hut, Inc. is an American  restaurant  chain and international  franchise  that offers different styles of  pizza along with  side dishes. Pizza Hut is a subsidiary of  Yum! Brands, Inc. , the world's largest restaurant company.According to the corporate website, there are more than 11,600 store locations in 94 other countries and territories around the world. About their history, the legacy of Pizza Hut began in 1958, when two college students from Wichita, Kansas, were approached by a family friend with the idea of opening a pizza parlor. Although the concept was relatively new to many Americans at that time, the two brothers quickly saw the potential of this new enterprise. After borrowing $600 from their mother, they purchased some second-hand equipment and rented a small building on a busy intersection in their hometown.The result of their entrepreneurial efforts was the first Pizza Hut restaurant and the foundation for what would become the largest and most successful pizza restaurant chain in the world. Hong Kong Pizza Hut provides dine-in, takeout and delivery service. At present, there are over 80 stores in Hong Kong and Macau. In recent years, McDonald’s has invaded the delivery food service market, so Pizza Hut’s market share has also been thinned. This is Pizza Hut Hong Kong was facing the challenge. Business background of About McDonalds:McDonalds Corporation is the world's largest chain of  hamburger  fast food restaurants, serving in 119 countries and more than 30,000 restaurants. From a neighborhood restaurant established in Des Plaines, Illinois in 1955 t o today, more than 30,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries worldwide, McDonald's is the largest quick service restaurant organization in the world. McDonald's recognized that to be successful, it would have to be flexible and adapt to societal changes. In 1975, McDonald's opened its first drive-thruTM window in Sierra Vista, Arizona to accommodate a more mobile society.The company realized there was a need for a fast, quality morning meal and in 1973, the Egg McMuffinTM  was introduced. In Hong Kong, there are over 200 McDonald's restaurants, and more than 10,000 McDonald's staff. In few years, Hong Kong McDonald launched delivery service, officially invaded the delivery food service market. Although McDonald Hong Kong had a lot of charity work, moreover they established of the Ronald McDonald Houses, McDonald prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about  obesity, corporate ethics and  consumer  responsibility. 3 Organization Structure and Desig n 4. Organization Structure of Pizza Hut Figure1. Hierarchy Division of Pizza Hut: Supervisor: A  supervisor is a team leader in a position of trust  in business. He / She always are an assistant to Manager. They have possession of part of the manager power, such as the allocation of the daily workflow, and void order of power. Restaurant General Manager: Restaurant General Manager is responsible for all problem of the restaurant. Not just manage all employees, but also they need to manage restaurant facilitates and service quality etc. In addition, they need to set daily sales target to fulfill organization goal.Operations Manager: They responsible for ensure that business needs to use as few resources as possible to meet customer requirements efficiently and effectively. Moreover, they need to establish operation policy to all operations department staff, included all restaurants manager. Chief executive officer: is the highest-ranking  corporate officer  (executive) or  administrator  in charge of total  management  of an  organization. An individual appointed as a CEO of a  corporation,  company,  organization, or  agency  typically reports to the  board of directors. At present, Hong Kong Pizza Hut chief executive officer is Henry Yip.Figure2. Functional Division of Pizza Hut: Finance department: Finance department is often simply defined as money management or the management of the fund. The major objectives of corporate finance are maximizing shareholder value. Marketing department: Commercial marketing  of individuals or organizations,  including  commercial enterprises,  governments and institutions  to  promote their  products or services sold  to other companies or  organizations,  in turn, resell  their practice,  and  use them as  components  in their  products or services, or use them to  support  their actions. . 2 Organization Structure of McDonald Figure3. Hierarchy Division of USA Headquarter McDonalds: Figure4. Hierarchy Division of Hong Kong McDonalds: Trainer: Trainer in McDonalds not the same in supervisor, they are same in senior staff to be an assistant to support Supervisor. Team Leader: Team Leader in McDonalds is the same in supervisor. Crew: Crew in McDonalds response for differences work in restaurant, it included Kitchen, cleaning, cashier, customer service representative and first line quality control. Figure5. Area division: Figure6.Functional Division of McDonalds: Human Resources Management Department: Human Resource Management is  an organization  of  employees  or  the management of human resources. This  attractive,  is  responsible for staffs election, training, appraisal,  rewards,  and  is also responsible for  organizational leadership and  culture,  and to ensure that  employment and  labor law. Held  in the employee's  wishes and  legally authorized  collective bargaining agreement, human re sources  usually  also  will serve as  the company's principal  liaison  with staff representativesPurchasing Department: Purchasing refers to the business or organization to attempt to obtain good or services, in order to achieve business goals. Although there are several organizations trying to set standards in the purchasing process, the difference between the processes organizations. 4. 3 Compare the Similarities and Differences of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonald’s Similarities of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonalds: Pizza Hut and McDonalds are the same using the Functional Division and Hierarchy Division.The relationship between the function is the position of the specialist, and other areas. In general, specialist will have the authority to adhere to the line manager, to achieve any of their instructions. In many large and global companies are always using Functional and hierarchy division to descript their company st ructure. In addition, these structures can make employee clear their job opportunities. Similarities of Organization Structure between Pizza Hut and McDonalds: Although the two companies are well-known company in the world, But in Hong Kong’s business size are different.Pizza Hut owned by Yum! Brands, Inc, but the business in Hong Kong is operated Franchise by Jardine Matheson. Region on district administration is relatively simple, because of only china regional business. On the other hand, Hong Kong McDonalds is not operated franchise of the way. Hong Kong McDonalds business was monitored by the management of the Asia (Figure5. ). Asia McDonalds Managed by the U. S Headquarters of non-Franchise operating worldwide business. So the difference of these companies is Hong Kong McDonalds was implemented area division models for global company structure. 4Approaches to Management ; Organizational Behavior 5. 4 Motivation Motivation is the degree to which an individual wants and c hooses to engage in certain specific behavior. People’s behavior is determined by what motivates them. Their performance is a product of both ability level and motivation. Therefore, the two companies are using the extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation methods motivate employees. In the past, McDonalds had to hire employees with too low salaries, so that McDonalds scolded by social. On the contrary, Pizza Hut’s hourly rate is high within the food service industry.Since Hong Kong Government has implemented a minimum wage, McDonalds has also begun to focus on the welfare of the employees. Pizza Hut was using two motivation methods: extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation to motivate employees. For the extrinsic motivation, Pizza Hut’s crew salary increased to HK$ 28 from HK$ 21 (After the implement of minimum wage). Moreover, Pizza Hut’s salaries included restaurant Tips, Tips depend on customers given to restaurant and divide by the total number of empl oyees of the restaurant. Not just salary, but also Pizza Hut given bonus to all full time employees per year.And then, Pizza Hut established the outstanding staff award to motivate employee. About the award recommended by the restaurant manager, the winner will have HK$ 300 bonus. In addition, according to Hong Kong’s legal, Pizza Hut also provided Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) to employee. Lastly, Pizza Hut provided differences fringe benefits for employees, included Medical benefit, insurance discount, and 20% off staff discount. Staff discount not just included pizza hut, but also is included all related Jardine Matheson subsidiary companies, for example: Maxim's Caterers Limited and Wellcome.For the intrinsic motivation, Pizza Hut will be timing implementation of the job rotation method to training staff. Employees not just learn their basic work, but also they have the opportunities to learn cashier or kitchen. Finally, staff can study the distribution of work managemen t to support supervisor. Give rise to sense of challenge, receiving appreciation and positive recognition. Moreover, the employee begin to work, supervisor will report the company’s new information to staff, and the daily sales targets.In addition supervisor will be highly praised the staff for good performance at the briefing. McDonalds was the same using two motivation methods: extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation to motivate employees. For the extrinsic motivation, McDonalds’s crew salary increased to HK$ 28 from HK$ 19 (After the implement of minimum wage). Moreover, the salaries included Profit sharing and restaurant cash incentive, like pizza hut tips bonus. And then, McDonalds established the outstanding staff award to motivate employee too. In addition, according to Hong Kong’s legal, McDonalds provided MPF to employee.Lastly, McDonalds provided differences fringe benefits for employees, included Group Term Life, Group Medical Insurance, Group D ental Plan, Education Sponsorship Program, and Professional Management Training both locally. About fringe benefits, McDonalds better than Pizza Hut. For the intrinsic motivation, McDonalds was the same in pizza hut intrinsic. In Fact, all of the food service industry company is using these methods to rise to sense of challenge, receiving appreciation and positive recognition etc. 5. 5 Leadership Hierarchy Division of Pizza Hut:Hierarchy Division of McDonalds: 5. 6 Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objective of the business. The Human Resources Management Process: For the McDonalds in people philosophy, they have a specific people vision â€Å"To be the best employer in each community around the World. † Being the best means â€Å"opportunities, traini ng and development; satisfaction, rewards and recognition†.Moreover, McDonalds make a promise to their employee. To all their present and future employees, McDonalds’d like you to know that there are committed. â€Å"We value you, your growth and your contributions. On the other hand, McDonalds have in place 5 people principles to reflect McDonald’s values and commitment to their people. It includes: (1) Respect and recognition (2) Values and Leadership behaviors (3) competitive pay and benefits (4) Learning, development and personal growth (5) Resources to get the job done. About the human resources management, McDonalds focus on every employee more than Pizza Hut.Recruitment: Pizza Hut and McDonalds are using these methods to attracting applicants. Internet-based Advertisement / Print-ad in Magazines or newspaper / Employee Referrals / Applicant Initiated / Job Fairs / Employment Agencies Selection: The process of screening job applicants to ensure that the mo st appropriate candidates are hired Pizza Hut and McDonalds are use differences types of selection Devices. Pizza Hut: Application form -> interview (restaurant manager) -> Reference checks McDonalds: Application form nd Questionnaire -> interview (restaurant manager) -> Reference checks Orientation: New employee orientation effectively integrates the new employee into your organization and assists with retention, motivation, job satisfaction, and quickly enabling each individual to become contributing members of the work team. Pizza Hut and McDonalds: Introduction (Rules, Policy, Organizational Structure and Company information) and a tour of the workplace Training: A basic operation in the work of the manager is to develop people and to direct, encourage and train employee.Those companies are using these methods to improve the availability, quality and skills of staff. Pizza Hut and McDonalds are using e-Leaning of job description, establish Lesson for differences hierarchy level, such as crew need to study customer service standard, how to handling complain; senior need to study how to contribute work to another colleague; Manager need to study manage in restaurant etc. Performance management: Approach to developing the capabilities of employees Pizza Hut and McDonalds in addition will be kept by the supervisor to practice role play training to subordinate.Moreover, the two companies will also hire external Mystery consumer companies to measure restaurant can achieve the setting of customer service standards, developed training plan or to enhance the training program based on test scores. Another will be conducted annually upward appraisal, Managers are appraised by their staff. 5. 7 Culture & Diversity Organizational Culture between Pizza Hut and McDonalds: Organizational culture  is the collective behaviour of people that are part of an organization, it is also formed by the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, and symbols, it includes beliefs and abits.Strong culture can create a stronger employee commitment to the organization. As the result, every organization must have their differences organizational culture. For the Pizza Hut, the mission statement is â€Å"With Customer Mania corporate culture, we ensure every dining occasion is a delightful experience. We promise† and the vision are to be the Leading Casual Dining Restaurant in Hong Kong and Macau – bringing our customers enjoyable yet affordable European cuisine by capitalizing on our brand equity and to be the No. 1 Pizza Delivery Provider offering world class pizza delicacies always hot and on time.Slogan of Pizza Hut: â€Å"With Customer Mania corporate culture, we ensure every dining occasion is a delightful experience. † In order to fulfill its mission, Pizza Hut has develop some unique, policies, principles, rules, processes and procedures, the sum total of which from the Pizza Hut culture: (1) Open door Policy: Manage rs doors are open to employees at all levels, because the manager dose not just do all about manage restaurant. During the peak hours, manager will work with general staff together. Therefore, manager can easier to listen to the voice from the employee. 2) Role culture – Bureaucratic control: roles and job description is most essential than the individual and position is the main source of power, control by procedures and rules, coordinated by a few senior managers.On the Pizza Hut, everything always have their standard for staff to fulfill, such as food quality standard, dress and grooming standard etc. If their staff cannot meet the standard, they will blame by the manager. (3) Ethical Culture: Pizza Hut has a very powerful and positive influence on employee behavior, focus on means as well as outcomes. 4) Customer Responsive Culture: Since Pizza Hut is very focus on increase customer satisfaction. They hiring the type of employees, for example ones with a more interest are helpful and friendly personality to serving customer. Having great listen skills to have ability to listen to and understand messages sent by the customer. Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfaction. Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiative even outside their normal job duties For the McDonalds, the mission and values statement is to be our customers' favorite place and way to eat.Our worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We are committed to continuously improving our operations and enhancing our customers' experience. In order to fulfill its mission, Pizza Hut has develop some unique, policies, principles, rules, processes and procedures, the sum total of which from the McDonalds culture: (1) Customer Responsive Culture: McDonalds same with Pizza Hut, th ey are focus on increase customer satisfaction.They hiring the type of employees, for example ones with a more interest are helpful and friendly personality to serving customer. Having great listen skills to have ability to listen to and understand messages sent by the customer. Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfaction. Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiative even outside their normal job duties (2) Workplace spirituality: Recognize that their employees have an inner life, moisturize and nourish meaningful work, a place within the community.Since McDonalds focus on charity work, such as established Donald McDonald house Charities to offering a supportive environment, parents are able to care for their sick children during an incredibly stressful time. In addition, McDonalds often motivate employee to participate more about charity work. (3) People Orientation: Degree to which management decisions tak e into account the effects on people in the organization. Organizational Diversity between Pizza Hut and McDonalds: Managing diversity accepts that the workforce consists of a diverse population of people.The diversity consists of visible and non-visible differences which will include sex, age, background, race, disability personality and work style. It is founded on the premise that harnessing these differences will create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, where their talents are being fully utilized, and in which organizational goals are met. According to the Hong Kong legal’s on eliminating age discrimination in employment, employers have the prime responsibility for encouraging equal employment opportunities and for eliminating discrimination in the workplace, so Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also comply with the law.Employees are Pizza Hut and McDonald’s greatest asset. But two companies have their own organizational diversity. For the pizza hut, there are more than 4,000 people, since pizza hut focus on customer satisfaction and customer service quality than McDonalds, so that Pizza Hut dose not employs any persons with intellectual disabilities in secretly. Contrary, McDonalds hire people not because of the people physical abilities and quality. For example, McDonalds staff Wong Man Yu awarded â€Å"Outstanding Disabled Employees Awards† by the Labour Department in 2006.It reflect McDonalds support their employees have any physical problem. 5. 8 Information Technology Information Technology is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to as Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing the information, transmitting the information as necessary, and later retrieving information as necessar y.Nowadays, many organizations are using information technology to increase work efficiency and effectiveness. Since information technology can increase business performance, better decision making based on information and greater accessibility to coworkers. So that, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are use many information technology to support their business: (1) Information Systems: accounting information system to record or calculate all about sales, salaries etc†¦ inventory system to monitor store inventory and though internet to purchase daily restaurants needs.Point of sales systems. Office automation systems, transaction processing systems, distribution systems, etc. (2) Electronic Commerce System: this part is very important in business, they’re use to selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services using internet. For the payment, Pizza Hut using credit card reader and Visa Pay wave; McDonalds using octopus and Visa pay wave. (3) Networked Computer s ystem: Linking individual computers to create an organizational network for communication and information sharing.They are using e-mail, instant messaging, Voice-mail to dealing with online delivery business, Fax machines to receive order confirm from food supplier. Electronic Data Exchange (EDI). Teleconferencing. Videoconferencing. 5. 9 Communication Communication between managers and employees provides the information necessary to get work done effectively and efficiently in organizations. Communication major functions are Control, Motivation, Emotional Expression and Information. Communication is very important part of business. Pizza Hut and McDonalds use interpersonal methods.For example: Face-to-face, Telephone, Group meetings, Formal presentation, Memos, Traditional Mail, Fax machines, Audio-and videotapes, Daily briefing, Hotline, E-mail, Voice mail and Teleconference to communicate with employee. Face to face, telephone and Memos are basic tools to connect employee and man agement. But about the organization contact restaurant, they are use daily briefing, E-mail to update information about organization. 5 Conclusion Through identifying and analyzing the following: motivation, leadership, human resource management, culture and diversity, information technology, communication. I found that:For the organization structure, the difference of these companies is Hong Kong McDonalds was implemented area division models for global company structure. On the other hand, Pizza Hut just implemented hierarchy and functional Division. For the approaches to management & Organizational behaviour, about the motivation, McDonald’s hourly salaries have been low for long. Yet, ever since Hong Kong Government has implemented the minimum wage, the corporate has no choice but to increase salaries of the workers. On the contrary, the average hourly wages of Pizza Hut workers are relatively higher than McDonalds.About the Leadership, Human Resources Management, Informa tion technology and communication, Since Pizza Hut and McDonalds are the same industry in food service restaurant, which means their organizational behaviour always the same. But about the diversity, McDonalds is better than Pizza Hut, it is because McDonalds hire people not because of the people physical abilities and quality. If Pizza Hut and McDonalds can solve above problem, they can improve their business more.

Benchmarking conflict management

Benchmarking is a process of determining what is best, may it be a company, organization, business or individual. This is done by setting standards and who attains the set standards. Benchmarking is done by comparing two or more companies in order to get which emerges the best among them. The companies or individuals that do the same kind of work or business are best benchmarked. In benchmarking, also known as geodetic control points there need to be a process to follow in order to get the winner, what process the winner followed to get there.Benchmarking is a quality improvement initiative this encourages companies and organizations to improve their quality to avoid being the last. (Galdin, 2005) Conflict is the struggle between the incompatible or opposing needs, wishes or individuals. Benchmarking conflict management is trying to come up with the best method to solve the conflicts between the companies or individuals with the same goal or wish e. g. two companies wishing to buy th e same piece of land for expansion. Benchmarking Conflict approach Gadency bus services are a company operating from Manchester city to London city.It is a public transport company having a fleet of more than a hundred buses. It wanted top buy a piece of land to build a garage, it targeted a piece of land owned by Manchester city council. The conflict arises when the city council refuses to sell the land to the company. Conflict rose when the city authority declined to sell the piece of land to them. The company had to look for means to solve the conflict. In this situation the bus company is responsible for the city council actions. Conflict situations offered the company an opportunity to choose a style for responding to the conflict.The most effective conflict prevention and management is to choose the conflict management style appropriate for the conflict. The company chooses a compromising style to solve the conflict which was very important to them to satisfy their interests, the company compromised to split the difference between them and the city council. The company chooses to ask for lease which was granted for the council was not ready to sell the land. Gadency bus acquired the land for choosing the best method to solve the conflict. (Cavenagh, 1999)London breweries are a brewing company situated is western suburb of London city. It wanted top buy a piece of land to build a warehouse, it targeted a piece of land owned by London city authority. The conflict arises when the city authority refuses to sell the land to the company. Conflict rose when the city authority declined to sell the piece of land to them. The company had to look for means to solve the conflict. In this situation the bus company is responsible for the city authority actions. Conflict situations offered the company an opportunity to choose a style for responding to the conflict.The most effective conflict prevention and management is to choose the conflict management style appropria te for the conflict. The company chooses an accommodating style put their interests last and let the city authority have what they want. The brewing company believes that keeping a good friendship is more important than anything else. The city authority declined completely to sell the land to the company and the company moved on by the decision of the city authority’s decision and did not acquire the land. This was as a result of the conflict solving style used by the company. (Simons, 2002) ConclusionBenchmarking conflict management between the two companies would solve the conflict between them and also improve the quality of their services. By the setting of some standards by the city council has also encouraged the companies to choose appropriate style that is preferred in solving the dispute. Interaction of the Manchester city council and London city authority helped in improving the group behavior and avoiding completely spoiling of the inter-group relation and also hel ped in solidifying the groups. By each company applying different conflict solving style, this determines the result each company gets.

Evaluate The Claim That The Nuclear Family Is Still The Norm In Modern Society Essay

Evaluate The Claim That The Nuclear Family Is Still The Norm In Modern Society. A nuclear family consists of married parents and their children. Changes in the rates of divorce and marriage contradict the idea that the nuclear family is still the norm. Changes in attitudes also mean that the nuclear family may not represent the majority of families. Over the last 100 years, the trend in divorce has risen. For example, there were 3,000 divorces between 1921 and 1923 and in 1923, the grounds of divorce were equalised for men and women. In 1949, legal aid was given to divorcees, making divorce cheaper, this could’ve lead to the 27,000 divorces in 1961. Also, in 1971, The Divorce Law Reform Act came into effect. Further changes following this would be; the 1984 change of the minimum period of marriage from three years to one year before divorce was allowed, in 2004 homosexual couples in a civil partnership were given the same rights as heterosexual couples concerning divorce and in 2007 the number of divorces rose to 170,000. After divorce, several types of family can be formed e.g. a lone parent family, a cohabiting couple or a reconstituted family. This suggests that the nuclear family is no longer the norm as divorce has caused greater family diversity. There is also less of a reason to get married. This is because of stigma, secularisation, rising expectations of marriage and the changing position of women.Declining stigma and secularisation lead to a decline in the number of marriages, this is because it is no longer considered a sin to be in an unmarried sexual relationship. Rising expectations of marriage also lead to a decline in marriages, this is because there is less motivation to get married especially as gender roles are changing. The changing position of women means that they can work and live independently from men, so it is not necessary for them to marry. The decline in marriage means that nuclear families are no longer the norm as people now prefer to cohabit or live alone for example. Functionalists believe that the nuclear family is the ‘functional fit’ therefore the norm in society. They believe this because a family needs to be socially and geographically mobile so that they can physically move to employment and also metaphorically move up in a hierarchy, to get to a better job. They believe that other family types e.g. lone parent families are abnormal as they don’t serve their function in society. Due to this, they blame disorder and crime on families such as these, claiming that they can not properly socialise children into the idea that marriage and the nuclear family is normal. Marxists do assume that the nuclear family is the norm in society. This is because they see the family as benefiting capitalism. The family does this as they are a unit of consumption, they are stigmatised if they don’t have the latest consumer goods, so they buy these from the capitalists and, to earn the money for these goods, they work for the capitalists. If the family was not nuclear, then capitalists would not benefit, so all possible efforts are made to stigmatize other family types meaning that the nuclear family is the norm.

The film Solaris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The film Solaris - Essay Example The film unsettles the audience in very many ways. The first instant where it does this is the part where Kelvin gets to the station and discovers that Gibarian has committed suicide (Solaris, 2002). This is unsettling because death or the visualization of a body is very uncomfortable. Moreover, it is unsettling as it signs to show that the film would have many such scary scenes and thus they become uncomfortable due to uncertainty. The next unsettling is seen not long after this as Kelvin goes around the station and sees many bodies. This is bound to make the audience even more uncomfortable to the site. The techniques used to achieve this unsettling is through the use of visual effects. In such a site where there are many bodies, dim light is used with several flashes of maximum light to show the large amount of bodies in the station. The lights dim again and this is used to instill some form of rush on the viewer because a dim light in an area with many bodies is bound to scare the ordinary human. Another element included in order to enhance such an uneasy scene is by zooming. As the movie progresses, parts where there are bodies present are zoomed in and this is quite uncomfortable for the site of a body is not appealing. This zooming is also used to frighten young children watching the movie for children fear death. Sound is the vastly used technique in the achievement of unsettling the audience. There are parts of the film that are calm, and even some soft music is played in the background. However, other sections of the film there exists suspense and the audience is anxious to understand what will happen next. During such times, the type of music played is quite high toned and fast. Combination of the two makes the section even scarier. At the scene Kelvin and Gordon found the stashed away body of Snow, they are surprised and shocked. Prior to finding the body, the sound produced is quite calm as a signaling of

Qualities of a good theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qualities of a good theory - Essay Example A good theory is mostly valid in different situations and is persuasive and helps people to sort out issues by consulting the theory. There are many popular theories that are used to understand and evaluate various problems and conflicts in life. However, these theories are not always valid. A theory is valid in a specific situation. According to Prit (2008), Crime is a very complex social issue and so are its theories. Conflict criminology is of much more importance and can be used as example of such a theory that is popular but not always valid. Conflict criminology as described by Bernard in â€Å"Vold’s Theoretical Criminology† (2009) is a theory in which, it is explained that conflicts exist between groups on the basis of interests and criminological acts by criminals are a result of conflicts existing between subordinate groups and dominant groups. The subordinate groups act against the dominant groups due to which, crime is created (Bernard, et al, 2009). The the ory of conflict criminology discusses the issue of conflict behind any criminal act and forms an opinion that crimes are a result of conflict arising between groups on issues that are conflicting (Hagan. 2010).

Manipulating Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manipulating Data - Essay Example It is the result of an old code that is modified over the years plenty of times. Another aspect is that changing one part of the code would have unpredictable effects on all the other parts of the program, just as a bowl of spaghetti where pulling one can affect all the other strands. Thus the complex structure is named after spaghetti. Spaghetti code is caused mainly by inexperienced programmers following their mandates and creating a complex program which is being modified by several other people previously. Structured programming however decreases the chance of spaghetti code (Dixit, 2007, p. 92). The structured programming was a method formed in 1966 as a logical programming method which is a precursor to the object-oriented programming. This programming method is aimed to improve the quality, clarity, and development time of computer programs through the extensive use of block structures and subroutines instead of simple tests such as GOTO statements resulting in spaghetti code which makes it difficult to maintain and follow (Agarwal, 2009, p. 253). Modular programming has been functioning since the 1970s as a technique which subdivides a computer program in various other sub-programs. It separates the computer programs into individual and independent modules. It is a separate software component which is used with many other applications and functions in the system. The functions which are similar are grouped together while the separate functions are grouped as separate units. Object-oriented programming can be used with modular programming as it allows multiple programmers to work on divided programs independently (Mitchell, 2003, p. 239). Object-oriented programming is the method which is most commonly used today. It provides a programming model based on objects as it integrates the code and data by using objects. An object can be the abstract data type which has a state and behavior both. These objects can also be like real

No Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No - Assignment Example Furthermore, the crux of the matter, as the authors relate it, hinges upon the differential that is noticed between the aforementioned â€Å"real option† as compared to the â€Å"discounted cash flow†. Regardless of the causal mechanisms, the authors argue that understanding EC as a function of behavior and what triggers it are key concerns for the operations and decision making structures that many organizations and individuals employ on a daily basis. Methods The methodology that the study employed was concentric upon a group of 80 financial managers which were drawn from a diverse group of companies. For purposes of the study, the participants were all graduates in either accounting or management. As a means to insure that the participants all had a modicum of experience, the participants were only selected from those which had a minimum average experience of around 7 years on the job. As a means of answering the questions associated with the research questions, the researchers distributed among these 80 participants a questionnaire which was divided into 3 separate and distinct subsections. The first section introduced the research and required the participants to give their general information; to include age, sex, degree, field of expertise etc. Likewise, the second part was divided into two subsections of its own. The first of these subsections offered a brief explanation of the capital budgeting methods (real option or net present value). The second subsection elaborated upon how the former were calculated; giving examples and showing the methodology/formulation. Similarly, the third section consisted of three subsections of its own. The first of these subsections helped to describe the hypothetical project to the participants as a way of seeking to gain shareholder buy in. The second subsection sought to obtain a quantitative measurement based upon the first with respect to whether they would seek to abandon or salvage a given project on a scale of 0-100 (Karimi et al 478). Likewise the third subsection required the participants to answer 9 multiple choice questions with a 0-5 rating concerning their hypothetical choices that have been previously determined within the other sections. Description Although previous studies have worked to show that the use of real option methods for the purpose of evaluation tend to yield better results, the hypothesis that were tested within this study helped to reflect a slightly different result. This is no doubt due in part to the participants which were involved. Whereas previous studies have relied almost exclusively on university students in order to populate their studies, this particular study relied exclusively on those that have spent an average of 7 years within the industry and likely this factor more than any other has helped to differentiate the results that were seen. This helps to necessarily present the researcher with a clear and unavoidable juxtaposition of actual r eal-world experience that has helped to inform the research question. Evaluation I found this project to be contextually interesting but the research model and statistical generation that were reported could have been much better written as a way to engage the reader/researcher with the findings

Article Summery Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summery - Article Example Like any new system that is being implemented, the implementation provided several challenges. The greatest challenging issue was intrinsic cross functional knowledge space existing between the organizations IT department, the tax department and software vendor. The people working with the software vendor understand their product well, likewise to the organization IT department that has unique infrastructure, and tax department understand how to handle tax regulations worldwide. Connecting the three entities that has different knowledge and professionalism is quite challenging and it demands a cross functional knowledge across the three areas, also very talented workers is needed. As the organization started working on the project, they know well that successful implementation is significant in organization success. A good option in the implementation is employing a third party or leveraging the service provider. The third party should be someone who has inside knowledge about Vertex . It should not only be a party that applies business and IT knowledge, but it should also be in a position of identifying problems and rally the required vertex resources to bring a solution to a problem. In preparation for the system implementation, the IT department had strict support requirements for the interruption to avoid system failure and business disturbance. Vertex provided 2 support IT specialist before implementation to assist in transferring knowledge on tax link extension that support several Oracle modules in different countries. For the cut over time, vertex support worked together with organization Tax and It members to tailor the support hours and give direct access to high level team members. Liaising with a service provider which has been proven to be successful specifically on Tax is important for Starbuck. The collaboration between Vertex and Starbuck has gone beyond the initial stages of system implementation and it has empowered the organization IT departme nt and adds lines to business products. The services currently going on are significant in Tax system. The vertex Oracle Tax system will be used to manage tax requirements which continuously changes. It is not a situation where software is installed and those who did it leave. In Tax system, a partner is needed to be constantly monitoring the system since taxation changes frequently. Vertex has been found to be the best partner, the organization went through ERP implementation at first but right now they are in a state of upgrading and resolving new problems that are emerging since the IT infrastructure are constantly being changed or business trend is changing. This means that vertex should be adjusted along the way and this will require experts to monitor the system. Reference Starbucks. (2013). Starbucks Finds Vertex’s Service is the Differentiator for a Successful ERP and Vertex Upgrade. Vertex Indirect Tax Solutions. London: Vertex

Individualized Education Program for Children Suspected with Autism Essay - 1

Individualized Education Program for Children Suspected with Autism - Essay Example Language Sample Analysis – This is an informal assessment that seeks to gauge the level of mastery of communication. It is routinely conducted for both verbal (children that can speak and nonverbal children (unable to speak). The communication of a child is recorded either on a video camera or a tape recorder depending on whether a child can communicate verbally or objectives to be achieved. Analysis of the recorded material is thereafter done on the length of sentences, the use of grammar and communication functions for speaking children. In nonverbal students, the analysis is usually done on gestures and movements made by the children in their endeavour to communicate (Fouse, 1999). Play-based assessment – This assessment is appropriate for young children before they reach the age of six. Children suspected to have autism are usually observed in both structured and unstructured play situations where another person facilitates and dictates the proceedings. As such, it is quite helpful in providing information about a child’s level of development in relation to age, social-emotional, cognitive and language domains. For this assessment to be successful, it must be implemented by a multidisciplinary team that constitutes parents and other specialists. It is, therefore, a very important tool for checking the performance level of a child beside assessing other related services and performances (Fouse, 1999). Mother – Surveillance for ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders) should be carried on the mother to ascertain some critical information to the diagnosis of ASD. This informal assessment usually starts with getting the history of a family for the determination of whether other family members had been diagnosed with ASD and especially a sibling of the affected child. This is important because research has shown that young siblings of children diagnosed with ASD are ten times more likely to be diagnosed with the same.

MOVIE SHAINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MOVIE SHAINE - Essay Example Producers began to scramble in order to get the rights to film the movie version of the movie. But this paper is not about the way producers came into possession of the literary work. Nor is this about the history of the author and his inspiration for the book. Rather, this paper is all about the comparison and differences that exist between the book and film versions of the story. The basic premise of the book and the movie does not stray from the original formula that was written by Jack Shaeffer. We find the main story in both the book and movie centering upon the Starrett family. Together with some other homesteaders, they find themselves being trapped by a local cattle baron into surrendering their land to him as he slowly usurps property that is not his. The cattle baron is named Fletcher and he does not mind being at war with most of his neighbors over the cattle range that should have existed for all of them to benefit from. The main character, Shane, comes into the story rig ht smack in the middle of this war. While the conflict in the book takes place mostly in the second half of the book, the film version, owing to time constraints and censorship considerations, found itself fast forwarding within minutes of the opening scene into the thick of the action. This is one of the main points that shows the difference between the book and the film. Whereas the book had enough time to flesh out the conflict and character development, the film had to abbreviate such development points in lieu of screen time. The film, which was shot in 1953 did not leave everything to one's imagination as the novel did. Rather, Director George C. Stevens took great pains to re-create what was about to become the finest western film in Hollywood into reality on film. The cinematography matched the grandness of the verbal descriptions and looked quite true to life in an era that did not have High Definition, Blu-Ray, or CGI technology to help polish its look. Character descripti on wise, the film differed from the book in such that the main character, Shane, first arrived at the Starret ranch, according to the novel, wearing an all Black outfit while he wore a Tan outfit in the film. Character wise, the film also took the liberty of renaming some of the characters as in the case of the character of Bob in the book, who became Joey in the movie. The cattle baron who was named Fletcher in the book, became Rufus Ryker in the Hollywood version. While the book took its time in developing character relationships during the first half of the story, allowing the reader to come to a deeper understanding of the story and its main protagonists and antagonists, those who watch the film without having read the book will be treated to a different version of character development far from the original vision and intent of the writer. The movie, perhaps thinking it would make for a far more interesting tale on screen found itself dealing with a combined storyline that allo ws for a rushed version of the back story between Shane and the family that took him in, and the action from the latter half of the movie that seems to be introduced within the first ten minutes of the film. This sense of screen time and film footage used is probably the reason why we find the characters doing things in the movie that were done by other people in the book. For example, Tory, who was supposed to be the one

Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assignment - Research Paper Example Nevertheless sometime the terms negotiating and bargaining are employed to depict the same process. The primary purpose of collective bargaining is to reach a conclusion of an issue. Some of the major subjects on which collective bargaining takes place are higher pay packages, more leaves, increase in the number of employees for a particular job, to improve the condition of working, demand for additional facilities, rules and regulations pertaining to hiring and firing, promotion of workers, procedures of lodging complaints, safety within the workplace and about the different policies of the organization. Sometime unions also demand for shorter working hours (Beaumont 43). On the other hand collective bargaining agreement can be defined as the agreement in written form between the union and the employer. It reflects the terms and conditions, rights, responsibilities and the privileges of the employers (â€Å"The Collective Bargaining Process†). Such bargaining agreements or th e union contracts last for a period of one to five years. However the most common period is of three years. A collective bargaining mainly follows an eight step approach. The approaches are preparing, arguing, signaling, proposing, packaging, bargaining, closing and agreeing. In the context of United States whenever an agreement is reached by the process of collective bargaining, the conditions of that contract are written down into a legally enforceable bargaining agreement or a union contract. In order to provide a real life example of collective bargaining, authentic electronic sources have been used. It was about the registered nurses of Tufts Medical Center. The nurses were the members of the Massachusetts Nurses Association. They bargained with the management regarding the staffing changes for facilitating better care of the patients, appointment of extra nurses during busy hours (â€Å"Real-Life Examples of Collective Bargaining†). After the negotiations they have been able to ratify the contract in the year 2011. Hence it was a successful collective bargaining. Works Cited Beaumont, Phil B. Safety at Work and the Unions. London: Routledge, 1983. Print. â€Å"The Collective Bargaining Process.† Ilocarib. n.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. . â€Å"Real-Life Examples of Collective Bargaining.† collectivebargainingfacts. AFL-CIO., 2011. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. . Question 2) List and discuss three U.S. laws that support collective bargaining, and three examples of employer unfair labor practices. Also discuss the laws. Solution The three U.S. laws that support collection bargaining between the employee representatives and the employers are the Labor-Management Relations Act, 1947; National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 1935; and Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, 1959. The three unfair labor practices include sacking a union supporter, discrimination against the employees based on various factors, threatening the employees on taking up union activities. The laws are discussed below:- Labor-Management Relations Act, 1947: - The labor management relations Act of 1947 is also known as Taft-Hartley Act. It was an amendment of NLRA act of 1932. The Princeton university website highlights that the act was passes in the year 1947. The

Confirmation Letter Essay Example for Free

Confirmation Letter Essay The reason why i am seeking the rite of confirmation is because i have followed the catholic religion all of my life and want to be part of the catholic religion for the rest of my life. i would like to raise my children and family as catholics. I believe in jesus christ and all the teachings of the bible. I have been baptized, ive had my first communion and its only natural that i would take the next step to be confirmed. im looking forward to being seen as an adult in the eyes of the catholic church. I will attend church masses on a regular bases. Another reason why i want to be confirmed is because its one of the seven sacrements. Sacrements are signs of Gods life and love. Confirmation is the sign that gods holy spirit will love you and always be with you. The sacrement of confirmation is the strength to be faithful to gods will, to be a strong and perfect catholic. Confirmation is a stage in catholic religion after Baptism, and is completed in the reception of the holy eucharist in communion. One last reason why i would like to get confirmed is to recieve the holy spirit and you become more responsible. When you recieve the holy spirit you are recieving God and it will help you make decisions and it will comfort you and strengthen you. Getting confirmed will also make you become more responsible because if you say you want to be confirmed then you are responsible for coming to church each week, praying more and acting more like jesus.

Importance of Inter-professional Working in Nursing Practice

Importance of Inter-professional Working in Nursing Practice Inter-professional working is constantly promoted to professionals within the health and social care sector. Various terms such as interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and interagency collaboration working have been used to promote professionals to work together with the patient, carers, relations, services and other professionals (SCIE, 2009). This Paper will explore the importance of inter-professional working in nursing practice, due to nurses supporting and treating a variety of patients. This paper will discuss the general importance of inter-professionalism as part of good nursing practice, it will use examples of adult stroke patients and children who have cerebral palsy. These two conditions have been chosen because they allow the paper to explore two different age groups and the needs of patients who tend to have complex social and healthcare needs. There is also a wealth of literature available on these conditions which helps highlight the need for nurses to work effectivel y with other health and social care professionals, service providers and carers. Patients initially tend to see nurses either alone on arrival at accident and emergency departments, or in conjunction with a medical practitioner. Therefore, the duration of time that a nurse spends with a patient tends to be longer than most other health/medical professionals (Godfrey, 2012). Ward nurses who work on hospital wards, provide care and support to admitted patients throughout their whole stay. This length of time spent with the patients allow them to be familiar with the patient, hence allowing them to recognise changes in a patients health and also to identify any new needs. Often, patients need to see more than one health/medical professional in their stay at the hospital, due to their health needs. Despite these professionals possessing specialist skills to support or treat specific health concerns that the patient may have, often the health recommendations that are given to the patient need to be performed routinely even when the patient is not in the presence of th is specialist. Therefore, allied health professionals tend to advise, seek the support of, or hand specific recommendations over to nurses. This is often seen between nurses and physiotherapists in mobility recommendations, this is because nurses often have to mobilise a patient out of hours as recommended by the physiotherapist (Godfrey, 2012). This avoids the patient having to wait for a physiotherapist on weekends, or to become frustrated due to being in one position for long periods of time and it also supports the overall hospital service aim of better patient outcomes. Similarly patients with complex physical issues, minimal mobility or neurological complications, such as stroke patients, need to be regularly moved to avoid pressure ulcers developing. In addition to this, regaining mobility gradually is often part of a patients stroke rehabilitation programme. Clear guidelines and training are given, as recommended by NICE, to nurses to perform safe moving and handling techniques on patients. These guidelines advise 2-3 trained professionals to move a patient who is bed bound, depending on the patients movement ability and weight (Jacob et al, 2007). If this is a stroke patient this needs to be done on recommendation of a physiotherapist (RCP, 2012). Therefore, it is important for nurses to communicate effectively with other health and social care professionals when moving and handling a patient who may have complex needs, as nurses may need specialist recommendations by the physiotherapist, or the patient may have medical equipment attached to the m which needs to be handled carefully or removed temporarily. Safe moving and handling techniques as part of a team effort not only promotes good health and social care practice, it also decreases the risk of injury to a nurse. This is particularly important as moving and handling injuries have been the most common causes of staff absence for a period of 3 days and longer between the years of 2007 and 2013 (Anderson, 2014). A key feature of hospital care is information sharing through ward rounds done by doctors and other health professionals. The aim of this is to provide patient care which can be delivered in a timely manner, but it also allows the multidisciplinary team involved with the patient to plan their future care and treatments. Nurses input via reporting to colleagues their judgement and observations on the patients current health state is not only vital for better care planning in the future, but it is also important because nurses can often voice the preferences that patients have expressed to them, hence promoting the principle of patient centred care (RCP and RCN, 2012). Furthermore, due to the direct care ward nurses give on their shift throughout the day to allocated patients, they often recognise the general deterioration of a patients health and wellbeing before other health professionals and doctors. Therefore, it is extremely important for the safety and well-being of patients for nurses to liaise with doctors regularly to manage the change of symptoms as soon as possible. Even though patient care planning is revisited and documented regularly by health and medical professionals when changes are needed for the patient, formal multidisciplinary meetings allow improved outcomes for the patient, an example of an improved outcome is when Stroke Early Discharge Support Teams can discharge patients earlier, allowing them to more likely be independent sooner in their daily tasks (Clarke, 2013). The multi-disciplinary team who has contributed to this evidence has consisted of specialist medical practitioners, various speciality therapists, dietitian, a care manager, nurses and sometimes a social worker. Nurses, due to possessing past history medical notes and the knowledge of relations who visit the patient, can usually provide the occupational therapist and the allocated social worker with information on key relations of the patient that maybe useful to contact prior to discharge. Also, nurses through conversation can gather information on the patients living situation at home. This is paramount in discharge planning for stroke patients as sometimes they are unable to communicate fully and clearly their living environment at home, as stroke can impact an individuals ability to communicate verbally and physically. Also, if patients have few or no relations living with them, they may need home care via nursing staff or telecare equipment which can support risks of injury or allow individuals to alert emergency care services via sensory equipment when they have a fall or another stroke which results them to fall. Even though occupational therapists will do assessments of the environment which the patient resides in (EKUHFT, 2015), nurses can often give the therapist insight on any issue the patient has had in their stay at the hospital, an example of this may be that the patient has difficulty lowering themselves to sit on the toilet, the occupational therapist would usually request for a grab/hand rail to be fitted in the patients home to support them to do this action. Patient care planning via inter-professional working is also fundamental to children who have been born with Cerebral Palsy. Nurses with specialist roles such as Health visitors, provide a community based service to cerebral palsy patients and their families. This differs to the role of nurses on the ward as Health visitors review the health of the patient in reference to their living environment and public health needs, hence allowing them to identify the wider health needs of the family too (Alexander, 2014).. Due to cerebral palsy being a non-curable condition the child and the family/carers of the child will regularly receive treatments and support from an extended network of health and social care professionals and also educational specialists and support staff (NHS, 2014). Therefore, health visitors need to be able to create successful inter-professional relations with professionals who are external to the health and social care industry such as educational psychologists, by un derstanding the role and service that the professional is providing to the patient. It is also vital to understand roles due to the referral systems we have in the United Kingdom, both within hospital and community care. Furthermore, policies can differ between the local authority, the NHS and private healthcare providers and the child and his/her family may have chosen to have a specific care package which the health visitor may not be aware of (Know your rights, 2015; NHS, 2013). Also, Health visitors often need to liaise with professionals who are not employed by the NHS or another private healthcare provider but by a local authority instead. This can mean the caseload is allocated differently, waiting times may differ and methods of referral may differ too. Therefore, to ensure that the patients transition is efficient and positive from immediate hospital care to accessing community based services, nurses need to be aware of the basic structure and logistics of other services. This awareness needs to be raised more specifically in the working environment for younger student nurses or graduate nurses who may not know the difference between certain professional roles, as despite accredited nursing programmes having modules or lessons in multidisciplinary practice covering the importance of knowing the roles of other health and social care professionals, sometimes there is confusion between specialists who support patients or service users with the same condition(s). A classic misunderstanding is a student nurse struggling to understand the difference between a mental health social worker and a mental health nurse, who can both work for community based teams and may be employed by the local authority (The Masked AMHP, 2012). The administration of medication is another role that nurses carry out in health and social care settings. The administration or preparation of medication is usually done by using the skills learnt from their training, instructions from the pharmacist or manufacturer guidelines. However, human error in the administration or preparation or omission of the medication can put the patient at risk of poor health or even death (NICE, 2014). Hospital pharmacists and dispensing staff function in a fast paced environment, hence processing prescriptions for medications that are needed for patients on the ward who vary in conditions. Some medications are needed urgently and human error can occur on the behalf of pharmacist or dispensing staff. Despite pharmacy staff recording clinical errors as part of their good clinical practise, nurses also need to be aware of these errors for the patients safety and awareness also needs to be raised to other nursing colleagues of the issue because the patie nts health may need to be checked regularly. . Furthermore, as doctors complete prescriptions for the request of medications, nursing staff only follow the patients drug chart in administrating the medication, hence it is vital for the nurse to understand what the doctor is prescribing the medication for (UHS, 2015). This is important to know as the nurse may observe patient changes after the patient has had the medication, which need to be recorded. To avoid error and to justify their clinical actions in medical administration of drugs, nurses need to be able to follow the advice and instructions of both the doctor and pharmacist, therefore effective and open communication allows questions to be asked and concerns to be raised, hence creating a strong working relationship. This protects not only the patient but it also improves working relationships between medical and nursing staff. Also, nursing staff and doctors caring and treating patients with cerebral palsy have to work using a comprehensive rehabilitation approach, which includes working alongside physiatrists who manage anti-spasticity medication and review medical complications associated with cerebral palsy. Hence, nursing staff need to have a broad understanding of the specialisms of the medical practitioners that they are liaising with, as often nursing staff liaise with several different specialists. To conclude, inter-professional working is clearly important for all health and social care staff, however it is extremely important for nursing staff because their varied role requires them to liaise with different professionals, settings and patients. Also, as nurses can now undertake CPD to specialise in areas such as such as stroke, diabetes, palliative care and disability, their role has changed from providing traditional nursing through practical care to now being able to provide specialist advice to the patient and relations on the management of the condition. (Niece McEwen, 2015). For nurses to be successful in their specialist roles they need to create positive working relationships with other health/medical staff, non-clinical professionals, carers/families and most importantly the patient. Furthermore, due to the demand of nurses in non-clinical settings such as homes and schools, for nurses to practice effectively they need to be able to understand the roles of professio nals practicing in community settings as often these professionals can provide the nurse with how the patient functions in their daily life. Due to ward nurses providing care throughout their shift, usually to the same patients, the greater length of time with the patient allows them to have a better insight to the patient and their health whilst in care of that ward. This allows them to feed back to fellow nurses and other health/medical professionals any changes that need to be made to the patients care plans. It seems not only is patient care improved by inter-professional working but also the skills and knowledge of nursing staff is also developed by learning from other professionals, it is likely that in the future, guidelines will further advise nurses to work more inter-professionally with other professionals. Bibliography Alexander, C. (2014) Growing into the role. Nursing Standard. 28 (20). p. 63. Anderson, M.P, Carlisle, S, Thomson, C, Ross, C, Reid, H.J, Hart, N.D, Clarkle, A. (2014) Safe moving and handling of patients: an interprofessional approach. Nursing Standard. 28 (46). p. 37-41. Clarke, D.J. (2013) The role of multidisciplinary team care in stroke rehabilitation. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. 17 (4). p. 5-8. East Kent Hospitals University. (2015) The Stroke multidisciplinary team. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.ekhuft.nhs.uk/patients-and-visitors/services/elderly-services/stroke-services/stroke-care/the-stroke-multidisciplinary-team Godfrey, K. (2012) Is interdisciplinary the new multidisciplinary? [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.nursingtimes.net/opinion/nt-blog/is-interdisciplinary-the-new-multidisciplinary/5052155.blog Jacob, A, Rekha, R, Tarachand, J.S. (2007) Clinical Nursing Procedures: The Art of Nursing Practice. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Limited: New Delhi. Know your rights. (2015) 02. Your right to Health and Social Care. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.know-your-rights.org.uk/02.html National Health Service. (2013) Who Pays? Determining responsibility for payments to providers. [Online] Available from:Â  https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/who-pays.pdf National Health Service. (2014) Cerebral palsy – treatment. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cerebral-palsy/Pages/Treatment.aspx National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014) Safe staffing for nursing in adult inpatient wards in acute hospitals. [Online] Available from:Â  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/sg1/chapter/9-safe-nursing-indicators#safe-nursing-indicator-medication-administration-errors Nies, M.A, McEwen, M. (2015) Community/Public Health nursing: Promoting the Health of Populations. Elsevier Saunders: Missouri. Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Nursing. (2012) Ward Rounds in medicine: principles for best practice. [Online] Available from:Â  https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/479329/004342.pdf Royal College of Physicians. (2012) National Clinical guideline for stroke. [Online] Available from:Â  https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/national-clinical-guidelines-for-stroke-fourth-edition.pdf/ Social Care Institute for Excellence. (2009) Interprofessional and inter-agency collobration. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2009/08/03/interprofessional-and-inter-agency-collaboration/ The Masked, AMHP. (2012) Maintaining identity as a social worker in a multidisciplinary team. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/social-life-blog/2012/jul/20/social-work-in-multidisciplinary-teams University Hospital Southampton. (2015) Section 1 – Prescription Writing. [Online] Available from:Â  http://www.uhs.nhs.uk/Media/suhtideal/Doctors/SaferPrescribingWorkbook/Section1-Prescriptionwriting.pdf

Effectiveness of Garlic Cloves on Reducing Blood Pressure

Effectiveness of Garlic Cloves on Reducing Blood Pressure SUMMARY OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic cloves on reducing blood pressure level among patients with hypertension. A quasi experimental pretest post-test design was used to conduct this study at PHC Alangium and 50 patients with hypertension were selected through non probability convenience sampling technique. Among 50, 25 patients were assigned to experimental group and 25 were assigned to control group. A structured interview schedule was used to collect general information and Digital blood pressure monitor was used to check the pretest and post test blood pressure level. The patients of experimental group were given 10 gm of garlic cloves once a day for 21 days. Post test for both the group was done on 22th day. The baseline data was tabulated by formulating frequency table. The blood pressure level was assessed using descriptive statistics. The comparison of pre and post test and the effectiveness of garlic gloves was evaluated by inferential statistics test Major Findings Of The Study Majority of patients in experimental group 9(36%) were 56-60 years and in control group 9(36%) were 51-55 years. Majority of patients in experimental group 19(76%) and control group 15(60%) of patients were females. Majority of patients in experimental group 17(68%) and control group 11(44%) of patients were formal education. Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 21(84%) of patients were Hindu. Majority of patients in experimental group 17(68%) and control group 13(52%) of patients were sedentary workers. Majority of patients in experimental group 11(44%) and control group 9(36%) of patients were had1-3 years duration of illness. Majority of patients in experimental group 14(56%) and control group 15(60%) of patients were had hospitalization. Majority of patients in experimental group 22(88%) and control group 19(76%) of patients were had treatment. Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 24(96%) of patients were non-vegetarian Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 19 (76%) of patients were not doing regular exercise. Majority of patients in experimental group 24(96%) and control group 23(92%) of patients practiced recreational activities. Majority of patients in experimental group 23(92%) and control group 18(72%) of patients were watching TV. Majority of patients in experimental group 16(64%) and control group 13(52%) of patients were had no family history of hypertension. There was a significant difference found (P Conclusion This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic cloves on reducing the blood pressure among patients with hypertension in selected rural area at Alangium. The result showed that the garlic cloves is effective in reducing blood pressure levels among patients with hypertension. Implications The findings of the study have the following implications in the various areas of nursing service nursing education, nursing administration and nursing research. Nursing service The nurses should develop sensitivity to the effect of garlic cloves in reducing blood pressure level. The nurse should understand the importance of garlic cloves as an adjunct to pharmacological therapy in nursing practice. The nurse should teach the benefits of garlic cloves in reducing blood pressure level among hypertensive patients. The nurse should provide adequate exposure to settings where adjunct treatment is used for management of blood pressure level. Nursing staff can take specialized training in adjunct treatment to prevent complications of Hypertension. Nursing education The medical surgical and advanced clinical oriented curriculum imparted to nursing students should emphasize more on garlic cloves on blood pressure. The nurse educator should involve the concept of alternative and complementary therapy in nursing profession. The nurse educator should provide exposure to alternative and complementary therapy to encourage the students to expand their career in that field. The nursing curriculum should emphasize on adjunct therapy along with pharmacological management of diseases. The nurse should encourage the students to educate their patients regarding adjunct treatment during their clinical exposure. Staff nurse must be encouraged to actively participate in in-service education and workshop regarding the importance of complementary therapy on hypertension. Nursing Administration The administrator should collaborate with governing bodies in formulating policies to employ qualified nurses in medical units and periodically supervise their application of garlic cloves. Nurse administrator should arrange for public awareness programme regarding cost effective means of preventing hypertension Administrator should initiate health education in community by utilizing the staff preparing through adequate training and encouragement in adjunct therapy. The administrator should organize in-service education programme in adjuvant therapy for the nursing personal Nurse should organize formal training programme in alternative system of medicine. Administrator should appoint separate complementary therapist to guide the nursing personnel regarding adjuvant therapy Nursing research The researcher should encourage for further research on use of garlic cloves on blood pressure Researcher should concentrate on non-pharmacologic interventions to reduce the blood pressure level Disseminate the findings through conferences seminar and publications in professional, national and international journals More researches can be done to establish effectiveness of garlic cloves throughout the world. As per the study a nursing care guide can be developed for future references. Recommendations Similar studies can be done with the large group Similar study can be done with the hyperlipidemia patient Comparative study can be done on the effectiveness of garlic and hypertensive patients without taking anti-hypertensive agents. Comparative studies can be done with pharmacological and non pharmacological management of hypertension Summary This chapter dealt with summary, conclusion, implications for nursing practice and recommendation.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well guys, we've made it. We've made it through four years of one of the most highly involved times in our lives. We've seen all, we've done all, and at this point in the year, most of us have probably had enough of it all. If you think about it, four school years is really a long time. four years of high school is equal to 720 school days, 4,320 class periods, and if you're a busy guy like me and you tend to count things by the minute, then it might surprise you to know that we've been in class for about 237,600 minutes. Class of 2006- are you ready to graduate? There's a term I like to use to describe our high school experience: metamorphosis. As high schoolers, we metamorphosize; we change over the course of four years. We start as nothing and eventually we become something. When Terrace's doors opened in the fall of '98, we were not the same class that we are today. Something happened to us. Something made us change. That something was our hard work. It helped us to develop our talents, to accomplish great things, and to become the unique individuals that we are today. What, do you think that Brandon Gibbs began freshmen year as a varsity basketball player and a top runner? Did Mat Montgomery just walk into the school one day prepared to lead the Jazz 1 trumpet section? Would Sarah Abel, Keola Awana, and Chris Potts have been ready to serve on the top positions in ASB our freshmen year? What about guys like David Johanes and Tim Lehman, two of our great bowlers here at MTHS? Have you ever heard of an all-freshmen sports team winning state? I haven't. Four years ago, before I had anchored for morning announcements, I could not have imagined myself speaking to thousands of people. I would have been too scared to get up o... ...g. We have always been a diverse group and naturally, we will go on to different places next year. Class of '06 will enroll in as many schools and work in as many jobs as the variety of people that we come in. But one thing is for sure, and that is we have finally reached the end of our metamorphosis. We are at the final stage now and tomorrow, we will all head off to live very different lives. I myself will be going to the University of Washington next fall. Tonight, we will cease to be Terrace Hawks. Tonight, we will step out of our cocoons, and become new people. Tonight many of us will become Huskies. Others will become Cougars, Trojans, Tritons, Bulldogs, Vikings, and Dolphins. Tonight, we have transformed into the hard-working college student. Tonight, after four years, we have finally metamorphosized. Dunbar Class of 2006, the world is ours, let's go get it!

The Affect of Acupuncture on the Nervous System :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Affect of Acupuncture on the Nervous System Acupuncture is an ancient practice which arouse in China at least two thousand years ago and has been used since then by healers to cure people of their ailments. The art is focused on the Qi (pronounced chee), which is the energy flow through the body. It is believed acupuncture helps to stimulate different areas of energy flow which can help cure pain and sickness(1). Although acupuncture has been around for a long time the validity of the techniques and results has been questioned by many medical specialists. Only fairly recently (mid 20th Century) did this practice come to the United States and it has yet to be accepted as a certifiable medical practice. Even though this is the case, acupuncture has been used to help treat asthma, myopia, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, stroke and obesity, just to name a few (5). Although the healing affects of acupuncture aren’t fully understood, they have been tied to different physiological changes in the body. As mentioned earlier, the natural energy in the body, Qi, is the focus of the treatment. Qi is connected to the ideas of Yin and Yang, which are two forces that offer balance to life. Yin and Yang have to be together because a disturbance in the relationship leads to disease (1). The image of Yin and Yang demonstrates how they have to be connected, represented by the white and black halves, each with a small circle of the other color. In this belief if the balance of energy in the body is thrown off, then the body becomes weak and sick. In Chinese medicine, when you restore the Qi in the body then health will return. The practice of acupuncture involves sticking very fine needles at different predetermined spots on the body: 365 points in a human body. These points have been uncovered over thousands of years but can not been seen through dissection or microscopy (6). It is believed that the insertion of needles at these points causes the Qi to move to the point. It is said that when a person is experiencing pain, that there is a blockage in the Qi in the body and that the acupuncture returns the flow to normal (1). Many of the acupuncture points are located only millimeters from peripheral nerves in the skin, others are very close to arteries.

Walton’s Letters in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley

Walton’s Letters in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein ‘Frankenstein’ is a gothic, science fiction novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. It was written in Switzerland in 1816 and London in 1816-1817. The novel begins with a series of letters from the explorer Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville. The entirety of ‘Frankenstein’ is contained within Robert Walton’s letters, which record the narratives of both Frankenstein and the monster. Walton’s letters act like a framing device for Victor’s narrative. Shelley’s use of letters enables the shift of narrative from one character to another, while still remaining like a standard novel. Walton’s is only the first of many voices in ‘Frankenstein’. His letters set up a frame which encloses the main narrative (Frankenstein’s), and provides the context in which it’s told. The letters from Walton, a well-to-do Englishman with a passion for exploring, start when he’s in St.Petersburg. He is writing to his sister Margaret in England. He assures her that he is safe and is looking forward to his voyage which has been his dream for many years. He tells his sister of his preparations leading up to his departure, and of the desire burning in him to accomplish â€Å"some great purpose†- exploring and discovering uncharted territory in the North Pole. There are also many roles which Walton’s letters undertake in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein’. Each letter has a different role and introduces new ideas. One of the main functions of the letters is to set the scene for the telling of the stranger’s narrative. In addition to this, Walton’s letters introduce an important character, Walton himself, whose story parallels Frankenstein’s. Walton parallels Victor in ... ...ledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently wish that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been.† The theme of destructive knowledge is developed and predominates throughout the novel as the tragic consequences of Frankenstein’s search for knowledge are revealed. Walton, like Frankenstein also in the pursuit of knowledge attempts to surpass previous human explorations in order to discover the secrets of the unknown. Overall the role of Walton’s letters in ‘Frankenstein’ are very important. Not only do they introduce important characters such as Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and the monster. But they also establish the period and place in which the novel is set, introduce important ideas and themes which prevail throughout the novel, and introduce and frame the novel in a creative and interesting way.

Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet Part A: Nonverbal Instructions: Respond to each question below in complete sentences with at least 150 words. Include at least one example from the reading materials that supports your position in your response. 1. Is a smile a universal nonverbal form of communication? Why or why not? Provide specific examples in your answer. I would say yes, that the smile is a nonverbal form of communication all over the world.The reason I believe this to be true is because a smile is letting people know how you are feeling and they way you feel about them. I smile at others because I am happy or I am happy to see them, and I believe the same thing is true with everyone else who smiles. When I went to Germany a few years ago, I felt extremely out of place mostly because I did not know the language. It was even more difficult to conduct business there when you approach someone and they are not wearing a smile; it made me feel even more out of place.When someone was smiling I felt some much better about trying to have a conversation with them. People are much more approachable when they look happy and friendly. 2. What are some of the ways that you, as an American or an international student, have been taught, or unconsciously learned, to synchronize your nonverbal behaviors? Some of the ways that I have learned to synchronize my nonverbal behaviors is to do things similar to what others are doing. If I am walking down the street and I see a friend of mine I will wave at them and smile because that is what I like doing and it comes natural.Although when someone sees me before I see them I will usually responded the same way they greeted me. If they greet me with a rise of the head I will do the same thing, then after ask myself why I did the same when it is not the normal way I would have greeted someone. It would be the same way if I were sitting talking to someone and they folded their arms, I would most li kely do the same thing to match them, and not even realize that I am coping them in anyway. Part B: VerbalInstructions: There are five interrelated sets of rules that combine to create a verbal code or language. In the middle column, define the five verbal rules that create the verbal code in a minimum of two sentences for each rule. In the last column, provide an example from both American culture and an international culture for each of the five rules of verbal codes. Then answer the questions on the following page. Rule setDefinition (2 or more sentences)Examples (1 American culture example and 1 international culture example) 1) Phonology (rules for word sounds) (2) Morphology (units of meaning in a word) (3) Semantics (distinct meaning of words) (4) Syntax (relationship of words to each other) (5) Pragmatics (effect on human perception) 1. What is one possible drawback of phonology if a nonnative speaker has poor accuracy? What might be done to master a new phonology? Some of t he drawbacks that deal with sound and speeches if a non-native speaker has poor accuracy is they may be saying the right words but they are not coming out correctly.An example is someone from India trying to speak English; since they have such a strong accent they come out wrong. My son is in speech therapy and they give him a mirror to practice saying the sounds that he has a hard time with. I think that this would work for mastering a new phonology as well. Practice helps learn any language, and watching yourself saying the write words with the correct style may help learn more. 2. What happens in the course of conversation when semantics causes confusion between you and the receiver? Provide a recent example. 3.Based on the examples in your text, what do you think Ludwig Wittgenstein meant when he said that â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world†? When Ludwig Wittgenstein said â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world† I believe he meant that he wants to learn more languages so he doesn’t limit his education on the world and the people that he meets. We should always be learning new languages and ways to communicate with each other, so we can meet people from all over the world and learn more about them. The more languages you learn the better your understanding of the world you will have.

Educational achievement Essay

trainingal installations look at two basic functions. On the one hand, they act as erancies of lovingisation, transmission musical arrangement social rules, averages and values on the opposite hand, they argon mechanisms of all toldocation, channels for selecting and training slew to fill the more occupations of industrial economies. This three-fold function of socialisation and allocation is carry out to some degree by all educational establishments. However, in a indian lodge with a complex division of task on that dapple is often a contradiction in terms between the two functions of socialisation and allocation.This try out go out use both bolshy and Functionalist places to question the educational arranging. commandal policies after the Second World War were principally concerned with facilitating greater, and more equal, access to educational qualifications. This was attempted in R A Butlers 1944 Educational snatch which sought to put one across entry to selective civilizes and universities meritocratic, that is dependent on ability rather than social place or wealth.The Act proposed a system in which children would be transferred at the age of eleven to grammar, unessential modern, or technical foul schools according to their age, aptitude and ability. Grammar schools go along to be seen as superior and dark towards mettle class males repayable to the academic subjects, Mathematics (traditionally a male subject) and position being the key indicators used to amount of money the students. Since we have simple tests of discovering childrens natures (and there ar luckily two varieties of these) we peck perfectly easily tailor the school day they get to suit these natures.Such a position accords a pretty ego fulfilling and pessimistic function to education, and the fact this dish of division has always produced a luxuriously correlation with the division between snapper class and work class children plainly serves t o confirm the appropriateness of the division in the first place. ( Miller, 1992 pg. 15 ). The above reference book highlights how the comm just now held attitudes towards the working(a) class entirely strengthend the class distinction.Talcott Parsons stated in his writing on education its Functions to assign these human resources inwardly the role social organization of adult society, (Haralambos and Holborn, Sociology Themes and Perspectives 1995 pg. 729). possibly if the organization had built a tremendousr criterion of technical colleges then the education system would have been more successful in allocating individuals into work roles that match their abilities. By its very(prenominal) nature the eleven summation looked at students academic skills solitary(prenominal) ignoring students personal abilities.Whereas in the education systems of Ger legion(predicate) and Japan, in the same geological period, the majority of students took a vocational path in order t o secure educational success. by chance this is why their societies progress tod greater industrial and scotch accomplishment (Abercrombie, Warde Contemporary British ships company 1994 pg. 350). Equally, successful entry to a grammar school was not guaranteed if the student had passed their eleven plus test, this was referable to the e supererogatory(a) progeny of places.If we equal the number of grammar schools in Surrey, (which is kn hold for its large percentage of upper and middle class), to the number in the industrial Midlands (with its high community of working class), there is proportionally less(prenominal) number of places for students, wherefore making the educational system generally a postcode lottery. It is sighted in Plummers impuissance Working sectionalisation Girls, that not only did grammar schools have better teachers but in addition superior buildings and resources- An overwhelming proportion of working class children were being enlightened in el ementary schools.Their inferior buildings and resources, lack of graduate teachers and limited curriculum, compared badly with the better resourced secondary grammar and fee paying schools, at plyed loosely by children from middle class backgrounds. (Plummer 2000 pg. 15). From the 1960s onwards, education was increasingly measured in terms of economics i. e. as an institution of national interests rather than personal fulfilment. During this period racial and cultural minority groups entered the debates, due to immigration becoming more prevalent.It was sour that children coming from these backgrounds needed to become similar the white populous as quickly as possible therefore weeny genuine progress was made (Finch, 1984). Perhaps this is due to the nature of the curriculum for example, explanation lessons concentrating on white European perspective with often-fanciful representations of ethnic cultures. Equally teachers and local governing did not understand their growing front line in schools and it emerged that in some schools, pass teachers were refusing to admit more threatening scholars (Donald and Rattansi, prevail, husbandry and Difference, 1992 pg.14). Professor John Rex, a leading figure in British Race Relations Research, accused black youth of being arrogant, rumbustious and contempurious and having a certain fascination for violence. (Rex, unseasoned Debates in Black political science 1990 pg. 18 and 33). Its hardly surprising that these students snarl marginalised. In addition under attainment of ethnic groups appeared to be over looked- many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the teachers indicated they had never considered seriously the apparent misfortune or under achievement of working class or black children in the education system.(Lee, primp and Prejudice Teachers, clear up and an Inner metropolis Infants School, 1987 pg. 108). Girls coming from an ethnic minority are not the only group held back from achieving thei r full likely equally white girls coming from middle class backgrounds feel this. Even forthwith, the prevailing (arguably unconscious) ideologies to reinforce cultural norms of gender demeanour (Walker and Barton, 1983) both pupils and staff give these norms in schools.Girls are not expected to do as well, are not brought up to be assertive to the same train as their male counterparts, and therefore tend to underachieve and blame themselves for it (Light and Dwek, 1987). Staff laudation disparate qualities. Until very recently girls choices in curriculum activities were limited, they were encouraged to veer away from scientific or technical subjects prevail 1978 sights girls examination result successes tend to be in art subjects, which have limited value for entry into employment and therefore lead egg-producing(prenominal)s down a contrastive route in further education.The initialize of exams themselves and other measures of curricular achievement are biased towards males e. g. multiple choice tests are geared towards male logic than female abilities. Issues such as these highlight the splendor that moves are made to alter preconceived idea expectations and the way assessments are under taken including educating teachers to understand their own biases, promoting a change in the expectations of girls so they can achieve what is really within their interests and capabilities.Another area in which the education system is failing today is the word of those to be deemed as special needs. The 1988 Education Act defined this by learnedness difficulty that calls for special educational supplying to be made. This definition apparently makes some comparison with a norm, this norm is not specified and unalike education authorities have different averages. Although steps are being taken to move away from labelling since the 1983 Warnock Report many such pupils are still educated separately within schools themselves or special schools together, this again becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.Barton and Tomlinson (1981) ask, at which point does caring become controlling? this is due to current attitudes that problems are psychological, rather than social and pupils are categorised. Despite the promises of the 1940s Act and the many worthwhile reports that have been outfit (and largely ignored), still the education system in Britain is riddled with inequalities as mountain out above. The education system has preoccupied its focus on personal fulfilment. arguably the pupil has become a homogenized asset to be utilised in the interest of economic progress.If the child does not meet this criteria then they are closely excluded to protect the accepted norms that society seeks to reinforce on tomorrows world. In the ideal situation school children will learn a variety of skills throughout their schooling, to aid his or hers development to achieve their full potential. By the time a young person leaves school at whatever age suits their abilities and aspirations, they should be a self confident and fulfilled individual. for each one individual should have gained a wealth of knowledge, motivation for further development, life skills and exam success, which realistically reflects their capabilities.Equally a pupil should have had the opportunity to form friendships with peers and to have built relationships with teaching staff, thus providing a positive image of society at all levels. Everyone should have been exposed to untried ideas and activities. This is an ideal how many people having go through the British Education system would touch their own schooling to this statement? For many this statement is totally alien to their experiences due to the inherent prejudices the institution reinforces such as the class structure, racism, sexism, beaurocracy and commercialism of schools.It is evident that British schooling has changed considerably since 1945, in many ways there has been great procession for the majority of pupils. However still today there are a prodigious group covering ethnic minorities, girls and particular(a) Educational Needs pupils who have largely been over looked so far. If Britain is to make the closely from its human resources it is vital that attitudes change so that the individuals potential, which is currently ignored, may be fulfilled.Bibliography Miller, J. , 1992, more than Has Meant Women The Feminisation of Schooling, Institute of Education and capital of the United Kingdom Tufnell PressParsons, T. , 1995, Haralambos, M & Holborn, M. , Sociology Themes and Perspectives. Fourth edition. London collins Educational Abercrombie, N & Warde, A. , 1994, Contemporary British Society. Second Edition.Cambridge Blackwell Publishers. Plummer, G, 2000, Failing Working Class Girls. Stoke-On-Trent, Trentham Books. Finch J. , 1984,Its Great To Have Someone To shed To The Ethics and Politics of Interviewing Women, in C. gong and Robert (eds) Social Researching Poli tics, Problems, Practice, London Routledge and Kegan Paul. Donald J. , Rattansi A,.1992, Race Culture & Difference, London, Sage Publications. Rex J. , 1990, Debates in Black Politics, Warwick, Warwick University.Lee, J. , 1987, Pride and Prejudice Teachers, Class and an Inner City Infants School, in m. Lawn and G. Grace (eds) Teachers The Cultural and Politics of Work, Lewes Falmer Press ODonnell G. , 1985, Mastering Sociology, Basingstoke, The Macmillan Press. Pugh, M,. 1994, solid ground & Society A Social and semipolitical History of Britain 1870-1997, London, Arnold Publishers. Other Sources Campaign for genuinely Education web-site www. cre. org. uk Word Count 1,691.